Saturday, August 31, 2019
Aging U.S. Infrastructure
This paper talks about the United States of America and the state of its infrastructure which is aging now these days. Its infrastructure has been in a deplorable state, however much has not being done about it, except when for instance a road accident takes place or some citizen goes through the tragic experience caused by the suffering of the infrastructure, that the relevant Governmental units and committees decide to take action by formulating a plan.The paper has been divided into the various different segments the U.S. Infrastructure has and functions as.U.S. is a country which is far ahead in terms of economic and political prosperity. However a basis fact still remains that despite the vast differences that exist within it, it works as one single unit working towards prosperity and the American Dream.The Government spends and has always been spending a lot on its public expenditures and infrastructure. Today, when we see the state of this physical infrastructure we see gaps a nd loopholes in terms of physical state of these things.The naked eye however still cannot pin point towards a particular infrastructure unit and comment on its ‘deplorable state’, however research and the technician’s/ engineer’s eye can.The only area where the ASCE team saw improvement in the last four years from the Report dated 2005 was energy. The report said this area got a grade of D plus after a consistent D. Another area getting an improvement card was the flood protection system which received a D minus from an Un-graded grade.Much of the state that U.S. levees are in was and is unknown to the Committee. The new president also announced this week that an $825 billion package needs to be and will be spent on improvements in U.S. highways, bridges and rail projects along with expansion projects at airports. (BBC News)The different segments or divisions in its infrastructure are as follows: ·Ã‚        Roads ·Ã‚        Bridgeso  Traffic Congestion ·Ã‚        Broadband ·Ã‚        Aviation ·Ã‚        Brown-fields ·Ã‚        Dams and Levees ·Ã‚        Drinking Water and Waste Water ·Ã‚        Inland Waterways ·Ã‚        Energy ·Ã‚        Rails ·Ã‚        Schools ·Ã‚        Security ·Ã‚        WastewaterRoads and BridgesThe state of America’s infrastructure has not improved in the last four years. This has been a report by the country’s top civil engineers. According to them US has received a Grade D in terms of its roads, public transports and basic transits.It, in the report called ‘Report Card’, from the American Society of Civil Engineers also claimed that around $2.2 trillio n need to be spent for proper repairs to this section of infrastructure. A news item also claimed of a bridge getting destroyed by collapsed in Minnesota in 2007 leading to loss of lives, injuries, property, reputation as well as money. (BBC News)When the bridge at Minnesota collapsed due to poor infrastructure state, it became evident back then in 2007 how appalling the condition of U.S. infrastructure is getting year after year. Poor roads have caused many people driving in cars and motorbikes their lives and injury traumas, and the Government $54 billion each year, especially in the year 2005.Annually, around $59.4 billion is spent on infrastructure pertaining to roads, bridges, airfields, brown fields, drinking water and wastewater; and waterways also.A lot many NHS or the National Highway system is an appalling state of affair as insufficient funds have been dedicated to this and more needs to be done without any further delay.Currently, around $ 32.1 billion needs to be spent on this NHS which consists of only 4.1 percent of all highways roads in America (however around a little less than half of all motorists are carried to and fro by the NHS, despite its minute percentage of the total. It is being said that congestion is the cause that ages these bridges, highways and roads even more fast since a lot is being in use by the motorists.US $ 70 billion of funds that are attributed to highways and bridges has to get doubled, so that this doubled figure can be put to appropriate use as said by the Federal Highway Administration.It also says that till 2015, or six years from now total investments needs to rise to double of what it is only to ‘maintain’ the current state all these things pertaining to transit and transport they are in. So, without a doubt, much more than the doubled figure needs to be spent so that improvements only if by a slight ratio are and can be seen. Logistics management and NAM have announced their dedication to this area. (White, F.)On the other hand, another report by the US Texas Transportation Institute has proclaimed that the major issue is congestion that when coupled with aging infrastructure leads to a faster decline towards collapse, or voluntary destruction. (Berman, J.)US bridges’ condition is also being said by US DOT, has decreased in conditions by a double figure. This is how fast things have been deteriorating. (Let’s Re-build America)Every year around a lot of time amounting to 4.2 billion hours is wasted in traffic congestion, costing the US economy $78.2 billion. It also costs $67 billion to these motorists for repairing and operating costs. Also, around 15000 lives of American citizens are lost due to traffic and road related incidents.A little less than half of all urban highways and bridges are congested and it is said that for a substantial improvement, $186 billion will need to be allocated and spent. (Report Card for America’s Infrastructure)One-fourth of the total US bridges in America face either of the two problems; one, their structure is lacking and deficient or second, that they cannot function at all. This huge 26% is proof enough to say that bridges especially in urban areas are declining rapidly.$17 billion according to the ASCE needs to be spent on this area every year to induce betterment in this infrastructure division of US. As of now $10.5 billion only is spent on the construction of new and repair of old bridges in USA, which is a figure too low. (Report Card for America’s Infrastructure)
Friday, August 30, 2019
Supervise Children and Young People on Journeys
Supervise children and young people on Journeys, visits and activities outside of the setting 1 . Understand the policy and procedures for supervising children and young people on Journeys, visits and activities outside of the setting. There are various organisational and legal requirements for supervising children on journeys, visits and activities outside of the school setting. These include policies and procedures which should be carried out by the school including risk assessments of areas that will be visited (New2teaching, 2013).Risks assessments will identify any hazards and/or dangers and who might be armed and how this may happen, allow the risks to be evaluated and check if the precautions are sufficient. They also allow staff to record their findings and review and revise assessments if necessary. Prior to the trip, the school will have to inform parents or guardians of all the necessary details in good time and obtain their consent for their child to go on the school trip . This should be in writing and include at least the location, date and time of departure and arrival, purpose, price and what is required on the trip by the children.The school should have other necessary information of each child going on the trip, ncluding dietary information, allergies, any other medical conditions and also if they suffer from travel sickness. Also, the school should ensure that there is a suitable adult-child ratio and that all Moreover, there must be sufficient insurance cover for all participants of the trip as well as accidents and emergency policies and procedures, which should be in place for off-site visits. There should be a budget in place for the school trip, including expenditure and contingency costs and all money should be accounted.A record should be made showing all payments made by pupils and receipts should be issued to each of hem. It is important that children, young people and adults have complete and accurate information about travel arrange ments in good time. This is to ensure that everyone arrives on time, prepared with any necessary resources. This is to avoid delay of departure or even not going on the visit if there is something missing or another difficult situation arises where someone or all of those who are involved may not be able to go on the trip as planned.It is necessary to ensure that vehicles used on trips are in good condition and safe for all passengers (New2teaching, 2013). Also, if the Journey is long, then it will be necessary to make sure there are snacks and check that there is a toilet on the coach or the relevant transport. If this is not possible then there should be an arranged stop for toilet breaks. It should be checked that drivers are competent and have the correct licence and if necessary whether to have more than one driver in case of fatigue.The preparations which need to be made by all those going on Journeys, visits and off-site activities would be to ensure that all individuals have appropriate clothing and sufficient food and drink should be taken where necessary. There should be a list of all those attending the visit and registers made for supervisors in order to account for all children on the trip. There should be someone who is in charge of funds in case of an emergency or break down of vehicle during a trip. should be ensured that there is a first aider on the trip, along with a first aid box.Also, at least one member of the group should carry a mobile phone with them in case of emergency and they should have emergency contact numbers. There should also be a point of contact belonging to the area visited on the school trip and the staff ember should be familiar of this. In case someone on the trip goes missing, staff should be aware of where to go in the area visited and should be made aware of the procedures. Any medication, for example, inhalers should be taken for those who may fall ill during the visit.In the case of late departure and arrival, the school should be informed by the relevant staff on the trip and parents should be notified for security reasons. The following is an account of the Oakwood Primary School trip for Nursery and Reception class to Gulliver's Land, in Milton Keynes, which took place on 27th June 013. Prior to the trip, I made sure what time I had to be in school for and what time the bus would be leaving. This was well after my normal start time for work so I didn't need to leave the house any earlier. As the Journey was about 45 minutes, it was a direct route.Therefore, no stops were needed. All staff that were attending were given a list with the names of the group of children for which they would be responsible. It was made sure that there were no more than 6 children in each group. My group was a group of 6 from the Reception class. The bus was due to leave at gam. As soon as the children arrived at 8. 30am and ushered into the class, they were settled down and the register was taken, ensuring all t he children that were going on the trip were present. Before departing, we bag and that it was labelled with their name.We also asked the children if they needed to go to the toilet so nobody needed to go during the Journey. The children were told to stay with their group at all times and were put into pairs. We then went to board the bus. I sat at the front of the bus and helped the children near me to put on their seatbelts. All of their packed lunches were placed at the front f the bus, in the designated area for luggage. The register was taken by the Early Years Manager and a headcount was carried out. I ensured all the children in my group were present.During the Journey, I made sure the children did not remove their seatbelts or move out of their seat. Some of the children had accessories like hats and sunglasses, so I told them to look after them. There were no issues during the Journey and the children were fine on the bus. When we arrived, the children were told to get thei r belongings and the bus was checked thoroughly to prevent anything being left ehind. The children were told to get into their groups and reminded of which staff member they would have to stay with throughout the trip.The register was taken to check that all the children were off the bus. I made my group stay in their pairs, hold hands with each other and to stay with me at all times. We arrived in good time, Just before the park opened. This ensured we had as much time as possible in the park. We were all given a map and details of attractions that were available throughout the day. When the park was open, we were allowed in and it was snack time for the children. So we went to a sheltered bench area and sat the children down and made sure they had their fruit or other snack. I made sure my group was sat down and in my sight.When they had finished their snack, I told them to throw their waste in the bins provided by the bench area and not litter the ground. They were told to give t heir pack lunches to their group leader and any belongings they did not require until later. These were all placed in secure lockers, which were next to the bench area. We were told to meet up again at this area at lunch time. We then decided to stay with other group and go on the same rides, so any children ho did not want to go on a particular ride could be supervised by another adult, while another group leader went on the ride with the rest of the children.The rides on which I escorted the children, I ensured they were sat securely, making sure any safety harnesses were attached and that they held on to the bars provided, so that they were comfortable. When it was almost time for lunch, we made our way back to the lunch area and gave into their carrier bag and put back in the locker, along with any other belongings. Occasionally the children some of the children would try to leave their partner or the roup as they were drawn to an attraction or something else and I was constantl y reminding them to stay together and not wander off.After going on a ride, one child in my group was not feeling well because the ride was a shock for her. We made sure she did not go on anymore rides that would not be appropriate and made her for a while until she felt better to go on other rides. In between rides, some children need to go to the toilet, so I accompanied them and left the other children in my group with another staff member. I counted how many children were with me and when they were finished, I ensured the same number of hildren came out of the toilet.It was nearing the time of departure from the park and we were waiting to get on a ride. My group was waiting with another group. We wanted the children to ride but we knew that there was a shortage of time. The other group leader made a call to the Early Years Manager to see if we would be able to go on the ride and she said that we did not have enough time. Therefore, we had to leave the waiting area for the ride and gather our groups. I went with the Early Years Manager to get the bags from the lockers, after leaving my roup supervised with another staff member.After we retrieved the bags and checked there was nothing left, we tended to our groups and ensured every child was there. When we exited the park, the children were in their pairs and we boarded the bus. The register was taken again and the headcount was repeated. On the way back a child sitting in front of me fell asleep, so I put her head in a comfortable position for her. When we reached school, I gently woke her before we got off the bus. As we got off the bus, we checked detached the children's seatbelt for hem and ensured that they were getting off safely and not leaving anything behind.
Thursday, August 29, 2019
The Influence of Greek Pottery Art on Modern Art
In â€Å"Herakles writes home†we can see how Marian Maguire has used Greek mythological figures taken from ancient Greek vases and put them into the scenes of New Zealand’s colonization and conflict with Maori to show the effects of the British settlers had on the shaping of New Zealand’s fate be it negative or positive depending on the viewpoint of the viewers. The pot Maguire uses in â€Å"Herakles writes home†is a black figure Volute Krater similar in shape to the Black-figure Volute Krater made by an Anonymous Greek painter between 525 and 500 BC.The Pot shares many resemblances with the one used in Herakles writes home which lets me make the assumption that the shape of the pot in the lithograph is a Volute Krater. Both of their middle body pieces are the in shape with large top which gets smaller the further towards the bottom it goes but Black figure Volute Krater has more of a slant to where it reaches the base piece whereas the pot in Magu ire’s lithograph has a sharp change in angle where it reaches the bottom.The bottom piece in the two pots is again similar with some variation between the two. The pot in the Herakles writes home has a flatter band around the base of it which allows for it to have a decorative band in it unlike the Black figure Volute Krater. The band below the top band in the Volute Krater is practically the same in shape to the one used in the Pot in the Herakles writes home Lithograph the only difference is the Black figure Volute Krater lacks decoration there.The top band of the two pots is similar but there is a bigger difference between them than most of the other parts of the pot. In the Pot in the Herakles writes home lithograph the top band is joined at the sides to the handles whereas the Black Figure Volute Krater’s handles don’t meet at the sides of the top band they are joined to the top of the pot, The top band is similar in shape to each other though the Black Fig ure Volute Black figure Volute Krater 525-500 BC, Anonymous Greek painter.Black figure Volute Krater 525-500 BC, Anonymous Greek painter. Krater does have more of slant to it. Where the handles come out of the pot there is the biggest difference. In Herakles writes home the handles come out of the pot and keep their shape and decoration the same through the whole handle whereas the handles come out of the pot black and smaller than the ends of the handles in the Black Figure Volute Krater then change into orangey/red with patterns and thicker handles. Even with those differences t is clear that the figure of the original Black figure Volute Krater has influenced what the shape of the pot in Maguire’s lithograph and that it is clearly an Attic Volute Krater. Handle of an Attic red-figure volute-Krater, 450–440 BC depicting the double ivory leaf pattern. Handle of an Attic red-figure volute-Krater, 450–440 BC depicting the double ivory leaf pattern. The decorative feature on the pot in the Herakles writes is clearly influenced by other classical pots but Maguire has incorporated them into a unique way.The handles on the pot in the Herakles writes home lithograph are double ivy leaf but not the traditional ones you find on ancient Greek pot’s Maguire has put a twist on it by replacing the ivy leave shape with that of the Kowhai tree which is native to New Zealand (Something about what it shows about something) Another decoration in the pot that bears classical influence is the chevron pattern on the foot of the pot depicted in Maguire’s lithograph similar to the pattern around the top of the Persephone painter’s red-figure bell-Krater. 440 B. C. Red-figure Bell-Krater Attributed to the Persephone Painter 440 B. C. ; Red-figure Bell-Krater Attributed to the Persephone Painter What’s interesting about the pattern is that the leaves used are that they are olive tree leaves arranged I a way that it looks like an olive wreath. The reason Maguire has chosen to use an olive wreath in this particular artwork is that an olive wreath signifies being victorious and also peace as in the ancient Greek Olympic Games the winners of events were awarded Olive Wreaths from wild-olive leafs from a sacred tree near the temple of Zeus at Olympia.Maguire used this as a symbol because it creates a contrast between the settlers and England at that time, as Herakles was the son of Zeus it gives a family link between the figure of Herakles in place of a settler on the pot and the wreath is a symbol of Zeus who being the father of Herakles would be in the Place of Settler period England. The presence of the wreath also signifies the victory of the Maori population of new Zealand which if in the Ancient Olympic Games the two cultures, Maori and Settler, would have een awarded to the victor which in this case was the settlers, this can be backed up by the relaxed and post battle/victorious feel of the scene on the belly of the pot. Bottom of the Herakles Attacking a Centaur, Greek, Athens, about 530–520 B. C pot depicting stylised rays. Bottom of the Herakles Attacking a Centaur, Greek, Athens, about 530–520 B. C pot depicting stylised rays.The next feature on the pot on Maguire’s lithograph was stylised rays, but not as the same as the classical Greek stylised rays depict iced on the picture to the left but with a European/settler twist. Maguire has put in Settler Farming tools In the place of the classical Greek’s rays. This drastic change to what normally would have gone in there leaves us wondering why she would change this.The reason behind this would be that it shows how drastic the change the settlers bought in on New Zealand and replaced the old with their new stuff leaving little evidence of the old but its adapted style and structure. Greek pot depicting Herakles and the Nemean Lion Aegisthus Painter 470 B. C. Greek pot depicting Herakles and the Nemean Lion Ae gisthus Painter 470 B. C. Herakles was perhaps the most glorified and famous Greek hero who achieved immortality due to his feats and Maguire has used this image of Herakles to reinforce the ideas she is conveying.The idea of Herakles as his own man is perhaps the misconceived thing about him as his twelve labours were directed by Eurystheus, the king of Tiryns and Mycenae on the command of Apollo after killing his wife and children in a fit of madness Hera induced in him, but it is important to point out that even though he was under the command of Eurytheus he did it of his own free will and by completing these twelve labours he became the greatest hero in all of Greek mythology.By skilfully using Herakles in the place of settlers Maguire has given us a better understanding of the message she is conveying. One of the main things about Herakles being the Greek mythological figure Maguire used is the fact that he was an instrument to complete the tasks of Eurystheus which the settle rs were to England merely tools to complete tasks for their own benefit.In the case of Herakles he built up his own â€Å"Kleos†by completing these feats and intimidating Eurythesus causing Eurythesus to fear for his life â€Å"Amazed at his manhood, Eurystheus forbade him thenceforth to enter the city, but ordered him to exhibit the fruits of his labours before the gates. They say, too, that in his fear he had a bronze jar made for himself to hide in under the Amazed at his manhood, Eurystheus forbade him thenceforth to enter the city, but ordered him to exhibit the fruits of his labours before the gates.They say, too, that in his fear he had a bronze jar made for himself to hide in under the earth†Apollodorus, the ancient writer who collected legends in his mythology handbook, the library, this may not be a completely true tale as Myths handed down orally and weren’t physically recorded until late after their creation which makes bits of the Myth liable t o changes because of a sort of Chinese whisper effect. This is similar to the situation with the settlers and England latter on http://art. thewalters. org/detail/13467 http://art. thewalters. org/detail/13467
If marijuana were legalized in California What effect would it have on Essay
If marijuana were legalized in California What effect would it have on public health, economy and society - Essay Example This is a debate that concerns a wide cross-section of society ranging from cannabis users (both medicinal and recreational), law enforcement agencies, parents as well as politicians. There is also a diverse view on the substance and on the matter of legalization ranging from demands for criminalization, partial legalization and absolute legalization. This can also lead to constraints in reaching the audience, as pre-existing biases may be impenetrable. In California this debate has once again received prominence after Assembly member Tom Ammiano presented a bill which called for the legalization and taxation of Marijuana. In order to answer the controversial question of: Should Marijuana be legalized in California? We will take a closer look at the various viewpoints on the subject. Criminalization In 1913 the Pharmaceutical board of California decided to impose a restriction on the pharmaceutical use of cannabis. By 1937 the use of cannabis became federally prohibited. This hostile attitude towards cannabis began in the early part of the 20th century according to Isaac Campos when news wires of the dangers of the drug began flooding in from Mexico. This came at a time when there was already a campaign underway, which sought to eliminate all sorts of vices from American society. There was a strong belief at the time that the use of cannabis lead to criminal levels of insanity and that it was actually a menace to society (â€Å"The Odd History of Marijuana In The US†). This became the central theme in anti-cannabis propaganda that existed for many decades to come. Other beliefs of the proponents of criminalization include the idea that cannabis is a gateway drug that leads to crime. This idea was heavily supported by the Reagan administration, which zealously sought to remove marijuana and other drugs from society. What can certainly be proven is that youths that use the substance are at increased risk of mental disorders, poor academic achievement, crim inal activities and reduced life opportunities (Hall, Pacula 125). In order to debunk a popular argument of the proponents of legalization that legalization will lead to increased tax revenues (this will be explained in greater detail later in the paper). The RAND Corporation conducted research that would predict the effect of legalization on tax revenues and market prices in California. According to logic model they employed it was found that not only would marijuana production increase but so would consumption as a result of lower prices. Furthermore, it may not even lead to the projected 1.4 billion dollars in tax revenues as the possibility of evasion is not taken into consideration (RAND Corporation 15-27). Legalization For Medicinal Use Using Marijuana has several medicinal values and it can be used as an analgesic, anti-convulsant, anti-spasmodic and anti-emetic agent. These properties of cannabis have been used throughout time. It is used, primarily to help provide relief fo r symptoms to diseases rather than as a cure itself, such as the severe nausea caused by chemotherapy for cancer patients (Hall, Pacula 165-170). California currently allows the sale and use of cannabis for medicinal purposes in a limited capacity, however the federal government sees all cannabis related activity as illegal and frequently prosecutes medical marijuana distributors in
Wednesday, August 28, 2019
Rental and Tenant Laws in the US Research Paper
Rental and Tenant Laws in the US - Research Paper Example The Landlord tenant law is directed to oversee the rentals of residential and commercial properties. According to the Legal Information Institute, a number of states in the US have based their statutory laws under the prescribed Uniform Residential Landlord and Tenant Act and it becomes an important factor during calamities and emergency situations and to prevent discriminations. Under the Federal Statutory Law, no one can be denied of its rights to rent an apartment on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, sex and age. One cannot be discriminated upon on the basis of familial status, that includes not allowing children, and pregnant women. This also includes physical disability, mental disability. Similar housing laws in states also prohibit discrimination against marital status and sexual orientation. This uniform law is being prescribed to all 50 states of the US. A particular state that upheld the landlord and tenant law is the California government that prohibits unlawful discrimination against any person on the basis of above cited factors. Under the California’s Fair Employment and Housing Act And Unruh Civil Rights, landlords cannot refuse to sell, rent or lease, or refuse to negotiate for a sale, rental or lease to persons on the basis of factors cited by law. Thus, a landlord cannot refuse a person simply because he is colored, or he belongs to an ethnic group. Landlords cannot just deny to these people housing accommodations, or to provide them inferior accommodations, services, facilities and services. Inferior accommodations may be considered as those housing that are with unsafe condition like falling roof or infested by mice or cockroaches. The law also advocates that rental spaces or housing be advertised in newspapers published by ethnic groups to avoid discr imination (CA.Gov.California Dept of Consumer Affairs 2010). Time limit A time limit of one year is set within which one may file complaint from the time the discriminatory act is committed. Complainant should state their formal charges, state how it happened and the names of those involved in the case. Exceptions to the rule However there is an exception to every rule, that the statutory rules does not apply to owner- occupied buildings that has only four or fewer rental units like duplex, or to the housing designated to senior citizens , and those offered by religious groups to their members only. No pet policy In California, a tenant cannot be refused if he owns a pet; most especially if it is a dog that serves as an eye seeing dog or helps him navigate in his disability situation. For instance, a landlord cannot refuse a disabled tenant simply because he owns a dog that helps him. If the landlord does so, he is violating the federal law as well as the American Disabilities Act. Citing a case of violation, the jury from Minneapolis, Minnesota concluded that the no pet policy of the landlord is a form of discrimination when he enforced this policy to a
Tuesday, August 27, 2019
It's Beginning To Hurt by James Lasdun Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
It's Beginning To Hurt by James Lasdun - Essay Example According to Brooks, the Sultan lived in great luxury. Brooks also points out that the Sultan had ruled for at least 50 years and accumulated riches, honors and pleasures of all kind (Brooks SR1). However despite the vast amounts of wealth he possessed, the Sultan discovered that he was only genuinely happy for 14days during in his entire reign. In the story of anxious man, Ladsun writes about a man, Joseph Nagel who is in a situation where he knows very well that he cannot control. Nagel goes for a vacation with his wife and daughter. He works as a dealer in antique prints and furniture shop and his wife is a web designer. Contrary to the Sultan in Brook’s story who is extremely rich, it is clear that Nagel’s family lives a modestly comfortable life. Nagel’s wife inherits some money and they both decide to invest it in Wall Street. The stock market later presents the two with an irrepressible reality (Ladsun 3). They cannot sell their shares when ahead because they might miss on the chance to sell at a higher rate in future and they cannot sell when they are down, because of losses and the market might change for the better. Therefore, they cannot get out and cannot sell. This is a problem that torments Nagel even when they are on their vacation. In Brook’s story readers learn that humans have put much effort in pursuit of pleasure, happiness and wealth to alleviate their misery. However, he is quick to note that the pursuit of these elements in life has only prolonged humans suffering. In addition to prolonging suffering, human being’s pursuit of pleasure, happiness, fame and wealth has also created a disconnect in the society. Therefore, he asserts that people continue to be selfish in their lives and acquire wealth through any unfair mean necessary. Thus, humans have lived by the principle of loving material things and not their fellow human being (Brooks SR1). This is why he applies the term
Monday, August 26, 2019
Starbucks Coffee Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Starbucks Coffee Company - Essay Example Board of Directors. Starbucks Coffee Company was actually established by three of the partners in the year 1971 but at present there are in total ten members in the Starbucks’ Board of Directors (Starbucks Corporation, â€Å"Starbucks Corporation Board of Directors†). All the members of the Board of Directors possess a distinct background. The present Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Howard Schultz was the Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President of Il Giornale Coffee Company. William Bradley was the managing director of an investment banking firm. The other director Mellody Hobson was also the president of an investment management firm. Apart from these three directors, the other seven directors also acquired respectable positions in the various management firms or other industries. Most of the board of directors is serving the coffee company since 1990 till the present day. The members of the board of directors have been ascertained to be reputed individuals in th e country. In the strategic management process, Howard Schultz occupies the key responsibility as a leader to direct different activities. It has been determined that the different members in board of directors were selected based on their merit and immense experience in the corporate world. Top Management. The board of directors was mainly hired from the other firms except the three founders of the company who were also acting as the directors. The three of the founders also the directors were the top management in the company and possessed immense knowledge and experience in the related field as they have long been serving the coffee company. The Chief Executive Officer of Starbucks, Howard Schultz is an American, born in the year 1953. Initially, he was serving as a sales trainee at Xerox. After three years, he had joined a Swedish company which sold coffee maker to the retailers in the market. In the meantime, he had visited Starbucks for selling the machine. After the visit, he was attracted to the company and wished to be a part of their long-term ventures. Thus, in 1982, he joined Starbucks as a director of retail operations and marketing (Wheelen and Hunger 471-475). VII. IMPLEMENTATION Starbucks Coffee Company had opted for international expansion and thus in 19 94 Starbucks International was formed. Initially, it had expanded its business in the Asian countries of the world such as Japan and China. The aim of their expansion was to create a desire to prefer the western brands among the consumers, to make certain strategies to compete effectively with their competitors and to gain the position of the highest coffee seller. In the past few years, it has also been viewed that the company is trying to expand its business in India. Initially, when the concerned officials had visited India they were unable to find the appropriate partner for entering the Indian market. During this period of time, India was going through a number of economic changes such as the reduction of the tariffs, along with dealing with the government policies as well as the liberalization of the foreign investment. These changes had also discouraged the officials of the Starbucks and the other facet that was noticed that the consumption of coffee was stable up to 50,000 t ons since 1996. There were other renowned coffee sellers
Sunday, August 25, 2019
End of Confederacy and Efforts of Lincoln and Johnson Essay
End of Confederacy and Efforts of Lincoln and Johnson - Essay Example But at the same time there were views favoring the solution based on limited role of federal government in restructuring process while ensuring unity and nationwide healing policy. This suggestion was against the policy of Radical Reconstruction which was being viewed as the one based on hatred against the Southerners. The main concern of the government was that of defining its role in shaping the political, economic and social integrity of the southern states as the union forces had freed nearly four million slaves. The possibility of co-existence of freed slaves with the rest of white population in a resentful environment was more problematic than the war as it was the issue of slavery that spurred secession among southern states. In Congress, Democrats and moderate Republicans were favoring the lenient policing while the Radical Republicans were pushing for harsher program and complete intervention of federal authority in the restructuring process that should include total equality of newly freed slaves with the remaining white population. But President Lincoln was in favor of the lenient approach as he was in believe that the war itself has changed the states dramatically and more punishment would actually hinder the healing process and forward movement of the nation as a whole.
Saturday, August 24, 2019
Careers Requiring Medical Terminology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Careers Requiring Medical Terminology - Essay Example The data management team is responsible for coding for reimbursement and records purposes. The teams are comprised of management and specialists and each member needs a knowledge of medical terminology. Coding specialists translate diagnostic and procedural phrases into codes appropriate for medical records. The data specialists are responsible for the accuracy of clinical coding. The data quality manager is responsible for developing and maintaining a quality plan for coding, reimbursement, and records (Coding). The medical transcriptionist requires a knowledge of medical terminology to translate the record of a person's medical history, diagnoses, treatment, prognosis, and outcome from oral to written form (Medical Transcriptionist). The medical billing specialist analyzes and corrects claims for private insurance, HMO, Medicare, and Medicaid. It is essential that they have an understanding of medical terminology and the CPT and ICD-9 codes (Certified Medical). The Health Information Management (HIM) compliance specialist coordinates the compliance of terminology and coding with professional and legal requirements (HIM Compliance Specialist). Almost every career in medicine uses medical terminology. This specialized language is useful in specialized patient care, interaction with physicians, and working with the insurance companies. In the modern medical career, this terminology is an educational imperative.
Friday, August 23, 2019
Why do some pupils achieve more than others in mathematics Essay
Why do some pupils achieve more than others in mathematics - Essay Example An issue means something significant that needs to be finalised, an argument that is not settled. ‘Taking an issue’ means disagreement and ‘to issue onwards’ means to illustrate. Among the contemporary issues, Peter Bailey‘s statement is of value to everyone. He proposed that â€Å"teachers of mathematics can play a crucial role in making the world a fairer place†(Gates, 2001, p. 10). Different pupils think differently to a same mathematical problem. This creates trouble for teachers in devising the most appropriate method in the best interest of all. Some students do achieve more because of the individual differences in terms of abilities, motivation levels, preferences etc. (Orton, 2004, p. 136). Mostly mathematical calculations are thought to be convergent - having a limit however there are also divergent questions whose answers could be manifold. Hudson (1966) tested the convergent and divergent thinking ability of sixth form students in a research study of individual differences and concluded that students weak at the IQ tests were much better in subjective questions. Most of the students that perform better in mathematics are convergent thinkers, who likes logic, definite solutions etc. They are bound to have mathematics as their favourite subject while divergent thinkers have difficulties (Orton, 2004, p.139). â€Å"Mathemetical abilities are not innate but are properties acquired in life that are formed on the basis of certain inclinations†¦ some persons have inborn characteristics in the structure and functional features of their brains which were extremely favourable to the development of mathematical abilities†¦anyone can become an ordinary mathematician; one must be born an outstandingly talented one†(Orton, 2004, p.142). Generally Maths is considered a subject you cannot humanize. Russel (1938) proposed that most students have the common perception of considering
Thursday, August 22, 2019
CMOS memory Essay Example for Free
CMOS memory Essay 1. Search the internet for information on â€Å"CMOS memory†and answer the following questions: How has CMOS memory changed over the years? Has the size of the CMOS memory increased, decreased, or stayed the same? CMOS memory was originally used in the early days to store semi-permanent data stored in chips. The speeds have increased and the noise has been reduced it also went from analog to digital. With technological advancement over the years, it now uses flash memory, which is a form of EEPROM instead of chips. The size of the CMOS memory changes on how it is set. It either can be added or reduced from the computer. However, these changes cause the computer to report a memory size mismatch. The size of the CMOS memory has also pretty much stayed the same because there is no need to increase the size. There was never any need to store more than 512 bytes in the memory as it holds the absolute basic boot settings for the system. The typical size is still 512 bytes currently. 2. Determine if the CMOS still utilizes RAM, requiring a battery on the motherboard, or has evolved into using EEPROM. There are still CMOS that use a battery on the mother board but EEPROM is more popular today. CMOS has since evolved from using a RAM to using EEPROM. Its a long name for a small chip that holds bits of data code that can be rewritten and erased by an electrical charge, one byte at a time. Its data cannot be selectively rewritten; the entire chip must be erased and rewritten to update its contents.
Wednesday, August 21, 2019
Effect of Green and Black Teas Essay Example for Free
Effect of Green and Black Teas Essay Determining the efficiency of various types of teas and its components, and the binding of tea with lipoproteins as for prevention of the occurrence of coronary heart diseases, is the primary objective of the study. Based on established scientific researches, one of the components of tea called phenols, are responsible for producing the antioxidant attributes of tea. Further studies prove that both black and green teas have almost the same phenol content. Thus, their antioxidant strength is also the same, as gauged through the use of the phenol antioxidant index (PAOXI). Moreover, the study establishes the idea that a combination of tea catechins and lipoproteins produce stronger antioxidant qualities. (Vinson Dabbagh, 1998a) To accomplish the objective of the study, teas that were used for samples were prepared using the same process. These samples were then compared to other types of antioxidants and other beverages with phenolic content. Moreover, the teas were studied in order to find out the threshold for the production of antioxidant properties, and also the binding of antioxidants with lipoproteins. Vinson Dabbagh, 1998a) The results of the study revealed that green tea produces higher antioxidant activity than the black tea, the green tea and black tea were stronger antioxidants than other beverage samples, the PAOXI of both green and black teas do not exhibit significant differences in terms of antioxidant strength, and the lipoprotein binding for both teas remain the same. Moreover, the catechins found in teas were more effective than vit amins C, E and beta-carotene in binding with lipoproteins to complete oxidation. Therefore, teas are more efficient in lowering the risks of coronary heart diseases. Green teas were found to bind efficiently with lipoproteins of high amounts, and on the contrary, black teas were said to bind efficiently with lipoproteins of low amounts. (Vinson Dabbagh, 1998a) Secondary Source The discovery of the connection between oxidation and atherogenesis has incited research studies about the effects of antioxidants found in teas to lipoproteins. Moreover, studies conducted on flavonoids, which is one of the components of tea, and its contributory effects to the prevention of the occurrence of coronary heart disease, has led researchers to speculate that catechins that are found in tea might be instrumental in promoting health and wellness due to the antioxidant attributes produced by teas. (Vinson Dabbagh, 1998b) This particular research study aims to identify the efficiency of teas as a source of antioxidants as compared to other beverages with the same phenolic content, and the maximum threshold of the production of antioxidant mechanisms in teas. Moreover, research was conducted on the effects of binding antioxidant with lipoproteins to an individual with low antioxidant intake. (Vinson Dabbagh, 1998b) The results of the research reveal that catechins that are found in teas are more effective antioxidants as compared to other vitamins that claim to be a good source of antioxidants, such as vitamins E, C and beta-carotene. Moreover, the research also discovered that teas bore the most amount of phenolic content as compared with other beverages that were tested, and that among the tea samples that were tested, green tea bore the most amounts of phenolic content. In addition, antioxidant binding with lipoproteins was most efficient with black teas as compared to other teas, although there was not any significant difference as to the effect when comparing it to the results of other teas. (Vinson Dabbagh, 1998b) In conclusion, the research study reaffirmed the fact that teas are a great source of antioxidant and that they are effective in producing high levels of antioxidants that are needed by the human body. Therefore, an individual’s regular intake of tea prevents the onset of lipoprotein oxidation within the body. (Vinson Dabbagh, 1998b) Personal Opinion about the Topic The results of the study has proved the effectiveness of teas as a source of antioxidant, therefore supporting previous studies conducted about the relationship between catechins and phenolic acid that are found in teas and its binding with lipoproteins as instrumental in the lowering of risks caused by coronary heart diseases. If this is the case, then regular intake of green and black teas should be recommended to people who are at risk for coronary heart disease and should be recommended as part of the average person’s diet in order to avoid the occurrence of the said disease. Although plants where tea comes from are widely grown all over the world, and according to the study, tea is the most popular drink in the world, people still do not realize the importance of its content and the regular intake of tea as a protective instrument against coronary heart disease. Moreover, people are not aware that the beverage that they enjoy the most has health benefits that might save them from suffering heart diseases. Promotion and recommendation of teas that are based on research study results and information dissemination might help in encouraging people to drink tea as part of their diet in order to stay fit and healthy. Aside from advertising and promotional activities, the government should support or fund the horticultural industry in order to produce more sources for green and black teas. Not only will the people benefit from this, but the government will also gain profit for the tea industry and agriculture. Moreover, the government should look into the processes of preparing teas. As the research study suggests, that the amount of phenols within the tea leaves, which are said to be the ones responsible for producing antioxidants, are dependent on the weather and climate, age of the tea leaves that will be used, and the horticultural processes that the leaves underwent. Therefore, the government should further look into the processes from which tea leaves are produced. Desirable and specialized horticultural processes should be employed in growing plants in order to ensure the quality of tea leaves that will be grown from it. In order to accomplish this aim, the government should be able to conduct research studies that would prove to be instrumental in the efficient and productive growth of plants. Moreover, with further studies and in depth research, the government should fund the inclusion of teas in the diet of patients in the public health care system, especially those who are suffering from coronary heart diseases, patients who are at risk, and even all the patients in order to keep strong and healthy. However, further studies should be done independently in order to avoid judgments of researches that are tainted by underlying motives such as advertising. In the research study conducted by Vinson Dabbagh, it was funded by the Lipton Tea Company. Since the Lipton Tea Company is a business organization, which produced tea all over the world, I cannot help but think of the politics between business and advertising that is concealed in the research. Most especially because the results of the research promoted the efficiency of green and black teas among other beverages and its importance as a prevention scheme against coronary heart diseases. In order to invalidate speculations that might arise from the influence of Lipton Tea Company and the research, independent studies should be conducted by professionals and scholars alike from different fields related to the issue such as representatives from the health care industry, agriculture, government, universities, and scientists alike.
The Fundamental Theory Of Supply And Demand Economics Essay
The Fundamental Theory Of Supply And Demand Economics Essay The theory of supply and demand is perhaps one of the most fundamental concepts of economics and it is the backbone of a market economy. The supply and demand model describes how prices vary as a result of a balance between product availability and consumer demand. Since contemporary economies rely on the market forces of supply and demand instead of government forces to distribute goods and services there must be a method for determining who gets the products that are produced. This is where supply and demand begin to work. By themselves the laws of supply and demand give us basic information, but when working together they are the key to distribution in a market economy. It is not enough for a buyer to want or desire an item. He or she must show the ability to pay and then the willingness to pay. So, demand is comprised of three things: Desire; Ability to pay; Willingness to pay. What factors alter a consumers desire, willingness and ability to pay for products? Some factors include consumers income and tastes, the prices and availability of related products like substitutes or complementary goods, and the items usefulness. Substitutes are goods that satisfy similar needs and which are normally consumed in place of each other. As the price of one substitute declines, demand for the other substitute will decrease. Butter and margarine are close substitutes. If the price of butter goes up, then people will tend to substitute margarine for butter. Complementary goods are those that are normally consumed together (e.g., DVD players and DVD movies). An increase in the price of a product will diminish demand for its complement while a decrease in the price of a product will increase demand for its complement. Think of the items usefulness this way. It is a hot summer day and you are gasping for a drink*. You come across a lemonade stand and gulp down a glass*. It tasted great so you want another. This second glass is marginal utility meaning an extra satisfaction a consumer gets by purchasing one more unit of a product. But now you reach for a third glass. Suddenly your stomach is bloated and you are feeling sick. Thats diminishing marginal utility! The law of diminishing marginal utility says that the more units one buys the less eager one is to buy more. In economics, demand is peoples desire, willingness and ability to purchase particular amounts of goods or services at certain prices in a given period of time. To the economists consumers make rational choices about how much to buy and how to spend their income on the products that will give them the greatest satisfaction at the least cost. So, demand describes the behavior of buyers. The law of demand states that the higher the price of a product, the fewer people will demand that product, that is, demand for a product varies inversely with its price, all other factors remaining equal*. Factors other than a goods price which affect the amount consumers are willing to buy are called the non-price determinants of demand. The law of demand expresses the relationship between prices and the quantity of goods and services that would be purchased at each and every price. In other words, the higher the price of a product, the lower the quantity demanded. Economists like to look at things graphically. A demand schedule is a table showing the number of units of a product that would be purchased at various prices during a given period of time. The information presented in a graphic form is called a demand curve. It shows an inverse relationship between the price and the quantity demanded. The demand curve represents the quantities of a product or service which consumers are willing and able to buy at various prices, all non-price factors being equal. The demand curve slopes downward from left to right based on the law of demand. Or to put it another way, a demand curve shows that the quantity demanded is greater at a lower price and lower at a higher price. The advantage of the curve is that it enables economists to see the relation between price and quantity demanded and to calculate approximately what the demand would be for those prices falling in between the prices that are in the demand schedule. Each point along the curve represents a different price-quantity combination. Demand schedule for cut jeans Price The quantity demanded $400 200 $350 500 $300 800 $225 1200 $175 1600 $100 2400 $50 3000 Increased demand can be represented on the graph as the curve being shifted to the right, because at each price, a greater quantity is demanded. An example of this would be more people suddenly wanting more cut jeans. On the other hand, if the demand decreases, the opposite happens. Decreased demand can be represented on the graph as the curve being shifted to the left, because at each price the quantity demanded is less. It means that fewer people want to buy cut jeans. The key point is to distinguish between demand and the quantity demanded. Demand refers to how much of a product or service is desired by buyers. The quantity demanded is the amount of a product that people are willing to buy at a certain price. The difference is subtle but important. If the demand of ice cream goes up in summer it is because consumptive demand has truly increased, clearly it is hot. In this case the business can most likely raise prices without suffering a cut in sales. This is a change in the quantity demanded. In winter the business incurs a sales fall at the same price. The only way out of increasing sales is to reduce the price. As a result of a price cut the increased sales of ice cream means that consumer demand has artificially been manipulated. In reality, actual demand is low but extra efforts have to be made to increase sales. This leads to a change in demand. Economists distinguish two different ways that the quantity of purchases of a product can change. According to the law of demand a change in price leads to a movement along the original demand curve and results in a change in the quantity demanded, that is, more will be purchased but only at a lower price. When one of the non-price factors changes (e.g., a change in income) there will be a change in demand. This change causes a shift of the demand curve either outward or inward in response to a change in a condition other than the goods price. It means that more or less will be purchased at the same price. All of the non-price determinants (changes in the size of the market, income for the average consumer, population size, the prices and availability of related goods, consumer preferences) are directly related to consumers. In other words, at any given price, consumers will be willing and able to purchase either more or less. Lets take a look at an effect a change in consumer preferences or desire for a particular product leads to. On the one hand, if a product like cut jeans becomes the latest fashion fad, demand at any given price will be increased and the demand curve shifts out. On the other hand, if there is a decline in the size of the market or a product becomes unfashionable then the demand curve shifts in. Thus, the only thing that can change the quantity demanded is a change in the market price, all other things remaining the same. While a change in demand results from changes of any of the non-price determinants, the goods price being equal. To understand better the theory of supply and demand it is necessary to know how much buyers and sellers respond to price changes. This responsiveness is called elasticity. Elasticity varies among products because some products may be more essential to the consumer. A good or service is considered to be highly elastic if a slight change in price leads to a sharp change in the quantity demanded. A price increase of a product or service that isnt considered a necessity will discourage more consumers to buy the product or service. On the other hand, an inelastic good or service is one in which changes in price bring about only modest changes in the quantity demanded, if any at all. Products that are necessities are more insensitive to price changes because consumers will continue buying these products despite a price rise. It is known as the price elasticity of demand. In economics, the price elasticity of demand is an elasticity that measures the nature and degree of the relationship between changes in the quantity demanded of a commodity and changes in its price. One typical application of the concept of elasticity is to consider what happens to consumer demand for a product when prices increase. As the price of a product rises, consumers will usually demand less of that product, perhaps by consuming less, substituting another product for it, and so on. The greater the extent to which demand falls as price rises, the greater the price elasticity of demand is. Demand is called elastic if a small change in price has a relatively large effect on the quantity demanded. The number and quality of substitutes for a product are the basic influence on price elasticity of demand. If the prices of substitutes remain the same, a rise in the products price will discourage consumers from buying this product. On the other hand, if there is a price cut in the product, consumers will substitute other items for this product. Thus, the demand for this product tends to be elastic. In general, demand is elastic for non-essential commodities (visits to theatres or concerts, holidays, parties, etc.) However, there are some goods that consumers cannot consume less of, and cannot find substitutes for even if prices rise. Some goods and services that are necessities, relatively inexpensive and difficult to find substitutes are said to have inelastic demand. To put it another way, a change in price results in a relatively small effect on the quantity demanded. The elasticity of demand also deals with the effect of a price change on the sellers total revenue, that is the amount paid by the buyers and received by the sellers of products. When the price elasticity of demand for a product is elastic, the percentage change in quantity is greater than the percentage change in price. Hence*, when the price is raised, the total revenue of producers falls, and the total revenue of producers rises, when the price is decreased. When the price elasticity of demand for a product is inelastic, the percentage change in quantity is smaller than the percentage change in price. Therefore, when the price is raised, the total revenue of producers rises and the total revenue of producers decreases, when there is a goods price fall. COMMENTS: to gasp for a drink à  ¿Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ¼Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ  ¸ à  ²Ãƒâ€˜-à  ´ Ñ à  ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  °Ãƒ  ³Ãƒ  ¸; to gulp down a glass à  ¶Ãƒ  °Ãƒ  ´Ãƒâ€˜-à  ±Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ¾/à  ºÃƒ  ²Ãƒ  °Ãƒ  ¿Ãƒ  »Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒ  ²Ãƒ  ¾ à  ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ºÃƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ  ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ  ¸ à  ½Ãƒ  °Ãƒ  ¿Ãƒâ€˜-à  ¹; all other factors remaining equal à  ·Ãƒ  ° уà  ¼Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ², ц°Ãƒ  ¾ уÑ Ñ- Ñ-à  ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã‹â€ Ñ- Ñ„Ã Â °Ãƒ  ºÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¸ à  ·Ãƒ  °Ãƒ  »Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã‹â€ à  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã… ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’Ñ Ñ à  ½Ãƒ  µÃƒ  ·Ãƒ  ¼Ãƒâ€˜-à  ½Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒ  ¼Ãƒ  ¸; hence à  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ  ¶Ãƒ  µ, à  ·Ãƒ  ²Ãƒâ€˜-à  ´Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ à  ¸, à  ² Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ  µÃƒ  ·Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ  »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’Ñ‚Ã Â °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜-. Exercise 1. Read, translate into Ukrainian in writing and memorize the following economic terms and concepts. Complementary goods: the two goods tend to be consumed or used together in relatively fixed or standardized proportions. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Demand curve: the graphical representation of how demand for something varies in relation to its price. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Demand schedule: a table showing the quantities of a product that would be purchased at various prices at a given time. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Demand: the level of a consumers willingness, ability and desire or need that exist for particular goods or services. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Diminishing marginal utility: each successive increase in consumption of a product or service provides less additional enjoyment or usefulness than the previous one. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Elastic demand: Demand for which a small change in price results in a large change in demand. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Elasticity: An economic concept which is concerned with a shift in either demand for or supply of an economic product as the result of a change in a products price. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Inelastic demand: Demand for which a large change in price leads to only a small change in demand. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Law of demand: the economic law that states that demand for a product varies inversely with its price. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Law of diminishing marginal utility: the economic law that states that for a single consumer the marginal utility of a commodity diminishes for each additional unit of the commodity consumed. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Marginal utility: the additional satisfaction a consumer gains from consuming one more unit of a good or service. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Price elasticity of demand: The degree to which demand for a commodity responds to a change in the price of this commodity. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Substitute: a product or service that partly satisfies the need of a consumer that another product or service fulfills. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Utility: an economic term referring to the total satisfaction received from consuming a good or service. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ TEXT Transactions require both buyers and sellers. Thus, demand is only one aspect of decisions about prices and the amounts of goods traded, supply is the other. So, supply is one of the two key determinants of price. The theory of supply explains the mechanisms by which prices and levels of production are set. Unlike demand, supply describes the behavior of sellers. In economics, supply relates to the quantity of goods or services that a producer or a supplier is willing to bring into the market (à  ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ñ‚Ã Â ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ  ¸ à  ² à  ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ´Ãƒ  °Ãƒ  ¶) at a particular price in a given time period, all other things being equal. The law of supply states that the quantity of a commodity supplied (Ñ‚Ã Â ¾Ãƒ  ²Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬, Ñ à  ºÃƒ  ¸Ãƒ  ¹ à  ¿Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ñ‚Ã Â °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ тьѠѠ) varies directly with its price, all other factors that may determine supply remaining the same. The law of supply expresses the relationship between prices and the quantity of goods and services that sellers would offer for sale (à  ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ¿Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ  ²Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ  ¸ à  ½Ãƒ  ° à  ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ´Ãƒ  °Ãƒ  ¶) at each and every price. In other words, the higher the price of a product, the higher the quantity supplied. As the price of a commodity increases relative to price of all other goods, business enterprises switch resources and production from other goods to production of this commodity, increasing the quantity supplied. Clearly the law of supply is the opposite of the law of demand. Consumers want to pay as little as they can. They will buy more when there is a price decrease in the market. Sellers, on the other hand, want to charge as much as they can. They will be willing to make more and sell more as the price goes up. In this way they can maximize profits. (à  ·Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ¾ à  ·Ãƒ  ±Ãƒâ€˜-à  »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’шуà  ²Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ  ¸ à  ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒ  ±Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ  ºÃƒ  ¸) The relationship between price of a product and its quantity supplied is represented in a table called a supply schedule. The supply curve is a graphic representation of the market supply schedule and the law of supply. The supply curve shows a direct relationship (à  ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ à  ¼Ãƒ  ¾ à  ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ¿Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ Ñ-à  ¹Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ° à  ·Ãƒ  °Ãƒ  »Ãƒ  µÃƒ  ¶Ãƒ  ½Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ ть) between the quantities of products that firms are willing to produce and sell at various prices, all non-price factors (à  ½Ãƒ  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ Ñ-à  ½Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ²Ãƒâ€˜- Ñ„Ã Â °Ãƒ  ºÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¸) being constant. The supply curve slopes upward from left to right based on the law of supply. Producers supply more at a higher price because selling a larger quantity at a higher price increases their revenue. Supply schedule for cut jeans Price The quantity supplied $400 3000 $350 2400 $300 1600 $225 1200 $175 800 $100 500 $50 200 The supply curve enables producers to anticipate (à  ´Ãƒ  °Ãƒ  ²Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ  ¸ à  ¼Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ¶Ãƒ  »Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒ  ²Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ ть à  ²Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ±Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒ  ºÃƒ  °Ãƒ  ¼ à  ¿Ãƒ  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  µÃƒ  ´Ãƒ  ±Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ  ¸) what the supply would be for those prices falling in between the prices that are in the supply schedule. Each point along the curve represents a different price-quantity combination, or to put it another way, a direct correlation between the quantities supplied and price. Like a movement along the demand curve, a movement along the supply curve will occur when a price change leads to a change in the quantity supplied (à  ·Ãƒ  ¼Ãƒâ€˜-à  ½Ãƒ  ° à  ²Ãƒ  µÃƒ  »Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ¸ à  ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ¿Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ·Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ Ñ-Ñ-), that is, more will be offered for sale but only at a higher price or vice versa. Like a shift in the demand curve, a shift in the supply curve to the right or to the left means that the quantity supplied is affected by a factor other than a products price. (Ñ„Ã Â °Ãƒ  ºÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬ Ñ-à  ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã‹â€ à  ¸Ãƒ  ¹ à  ½Ãƒâ€˜-à  ¶ цÑ-à  ½Ãƒ  ° Ñ‚Ã Â ¾Ãƒ  ²Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™) People often confuse supply with the quantity supplied. The difference between supply and quantity supplied is that Supply represents the amounts of items that suppliers are willing and able to offer for sale at different prices at a particular time and place, all non-price determinants being equal. The quantity supplied refers to the amount of a certain product producers are willing to supply at a certain price (à  ·Ãƒ  ° à  ¿Ãƒ  µÃƒ  ²Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã… ½ цÑ-à  ½Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã… ½). A change in the price of the product will cause a change in the quantity supplied. Price is an important determinant of the quantities supplied. The law of supply states that the amount offered for sale rises, as the price is higher. The quantity of pairs of cut jeans producers are willing to offer for sale rises, since their price is higher primarily because they need to cover the increased costs of production. (à  ¿Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ºÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒ  ²Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ  ¸ à  ·Ãƒ  ±Ãƒâ€˜-à  »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’шà  µÃƒ  ½Ãƒâ€˜- à  ²Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ±Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒâ€˜- à  ²Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ  ¸) Thus, according to the law of supply a change in price leads to a movement along the original supply curve and results in a change in the quantity supplied. On the one hand, an upward movement along the curve (Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ уà  ·Ãƒ  ´Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ²Ãƒ  ¶ à  ºÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒ  ²Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒâ€˜- Ñ à  ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ à  ¼Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ²Ãƒ  °Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒ  ¹ уà  ³Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™) represents an increase in the quantity supplied as the price is raised. On the other hand, a downward movement along the curve shows a decrease in the quantity supplied as a result of a price reduction. When one of the factors other than a products price changes (e.g., a change in technology) there will be a change in supply. Economists use the term supply to refer to the original supply curve. An increase in supply is reflected by a shift of the supply curve to the right. It means that at the same price, sellers are willing to supply more than they were willing to supply before (à  ²Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ¸ à  ±Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ  »Ãƒ  ¸ à  ³Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ²Ãƒâ€˜- à  ¿Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ñ‚Ã Â °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ  ¸ Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ  °Ãƒ  ½Ãƒâ€˜-шà  µ). A decrease in supply is represented by a shift of the original supply curve to the left. It means that at any given price, producers are willing to supply less than they were willing to supply before. However, there are things other than price which affect the amounts of goods and services suppliers are able to bring into the market. These things are called the non-price determinants of supply. As it has been mentioned a change in the quantity supplied caused only by a change in the price of the product. A change in supply is caused by a change in the non-price determinants of supply. Based on a new supply schedule (à  ²Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ´Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ ц¡Ãƒ  ¸ à  · à  ½Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ²Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒâ€˜- шà  ºÃƒ  °Ãƒ  »Ãƒ  ¸ à  ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ¿Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ·Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ Ñ-Ñ-), the supply curve moves inward or outward since the prices stay the same and only the quantities supplied change. Non-price determinants of supply are: Changes in the cost of production. Production costs relate to the labour costs and other costs of doing business (à  ²Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ  ¸ à  µÃƒ  ºÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ à  ¿Ãƒ  »Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ Ñ-Ñ- à  ¿Ãƒâ€˜-à  ´Ãƒ  ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ à  ¼Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ñ‚Ã Â ²Ãƒ  °) used in production process. The cost of production is probably one of the most important influences on production process. An increase in the costs of any input brings about the lower output, which means that the supply curve will shift inward. Regardless of the price that a firm can charge for its product, price must exceed costs (à  ¿Ãƒ  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  µÃƒ  ²Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ  ²Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ  ¸ à  ²Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ  ¸) to make a profit. Thus, the supply decision (Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒâ€˜-шà  µÃƒ  ½Ãƒ  ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ ц°Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ´Ãƒ  ¾ à  ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ¿Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ·Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ Ñ-Ñ-) is a decision in response to changes in the cost of production. Changes in technology. Changes in technology usually result in improved productivity. Improved technology decreases production costs and therefore increases supply. Changes in the price of resources needed to produce goods and services. If the price of a resource used to produce the product increases, this will increase the production costs and the producer will no longer be willing to offer the same quantity at the same price. He will want to charge a higher price to cover the higher costs. As a result the supply curve will shift inward. Changes in the expectations of future prices. Changes in producers expectations about the future price can cause a change in the current supply (Ñ-Ñ à  ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒâ€˜Ã… ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ  ° à  ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ¿Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ·Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ Ñ-Ñ ) of products. If producers anticipate a price rise in the future, they may prefer to store their products today and sell them later. As a result, the current supply of a particular product will decrease. In this case a supply curve will shift to the left. It is necessary to keep in mind that supply is not the quantity available for sale. (à  ºÃƒâ€˜-à  »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à  ºÃƒâ€˜-Ñ ть, Ñ à  ºÃƒ  ° Ñ†à  ² à  ½Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ à  ²Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ñ‚Ñ- à  ´Ãƒ  »Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ à  ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ´Ãƒ  °Ãƒ  ¶Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™) Changes in the profit opportunities. If a business firm produces more than one product, a change in the price of one product can change the supply of another product. For example, automobile manufacturers can produce both small and large cars. If the price of small cars rises, the producers will produce more small cars to earn higher profits. They will shift the resources of the plant from the production of large cars to the production of small ones. Therefore, the supply of small cars will increase and a supply curve will shift outward. So, profit opportunities encourage producers to produce those goods that have high prices. Changes in the number of suppliers in the market. Potential producers are producers who can produce a product but dont do it because of relatively low price. If price of a product rises potential suppliers will switch over production to that product to make more profit. If more producers enter a market, the supply will increase, shifting the supply curve to the right. Making a summary it is necessary to emphasize that the understanding of concepts of supply and demand provides an explanation of how prices are determined in competitive markets. (à  ºÃƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ºÃƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  µÃƒ  ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒ  ¹ Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  º) An important concept in understanding supply and demand theories is elasticity. Comprehension of elasticity (Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ·Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ  ¼Ãƒâ€˜-à  ½Ãƒ  ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ à  µÃƒ  »Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ñ‚Ã Â ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ñ‚Ñ-) is useful to understand the response of supply to changes in consumer demand in order to achieve an expected result or avoid unforeseen consequences (уà  ½Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒ  ºÃƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ  ¸ à  ½Ãƒ  µÃƒ  ¿Ãƒ  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  µÃƒ  ´Ãƒ  ±Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ  µÃƒ  ½Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ à  ½Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ à  »Ãƒâ€˜-à  ´Ãƒ  ºÃƒâ€˜-à  ²). For example, an entrepreneur expecting a price increase might find that* it lowers the profits if demand is highly elastic, as sales would fall sharply. Similarly, a business reckoning on a price cut might find that* it does not increase sales, if demand for the product is inelastic. In economics, the price elasticity of supply is the degree of proportionality with which the amount of a commodity offered for sale changes in response to a given change in the going price. In other words elasticity of supply is a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a particular product responds to a change in the price of that product. Elasticity of supply works similar to elasticity of demand. If a change in price results in a large change in the quantity supplied, supply is considered elastic. On the other hand, if a great change in price brings about a small change in the quantity supplied, supply is called inelastic. Here are the determinants of price elasticity of supply: the ability of producers to change the amount of goods they produce time period needed to alter the output. Elasticity of supply is different in the short run and the long run. The quantity of a product supplied in the short run differs from the amount produced, as manufacturers have stocks of finished products (à  ·Ãƒ  °Ãƒ  ¿Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ à  ¸ à  ³Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ²Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒâ€˜- à  ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ´Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ  ºÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ Ñ-Ñ- ) as well as raw materials which they have to build up or reduce. In the long run quantity supplied and quantity produced are equal but it takes time to adjust supply to current demand and going prices. For example, supply of many goods can be increased over time by allocating alternative resources, investing in an expansion of production capacity, or developing competitive products that can substitute for hot items. Hence, supply is more elastic in the long run than in the short run. COMMENTS A different price-quantity combination Ñ-à  ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã‹â€ à  ° à  ºÃƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ¼Ãƒ  ±Ãƒâ€˜-à  ½Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ Ñ-ѠцÑ-à  ½Ãƒ  ¸ Ñ‚Ã Â ° à  ºÃƒâ€˜-à  »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à  ºÃƒ  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ñ‚Ñ-; an entrepreneur expecting a price increase might find that à  ¿Ãƒâ€˜-à  ´Ãƒ  ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ à  ¼Ãƒ  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ÑŒ, Ñ à  ºÃƒ  ¸Ãƒ  ¹ Ñ à  ¿Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ´Ãƒâ€˜-à  ²Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ Ñ‚ÑŒÑ Ñ à  ½Ãƒ  ° à  ¿Ãƒâ€˜-à  ´Ãƒ  ²Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ  µÃƒ  ½Ãƒ  ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ цÑ-à  ½Ãƒ  ¸, à  ¼Ãƒâ€˜-à  ³ à  ±Ãƒ  ¸ à  ·Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ñ уà  ²Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ  ¸, ц°Ãƒ  ¾; a business reckoning on a price cut might find that à  ¿Ãƒâ€˜-à  ´Ãƒ  ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ à  ¼Ãƒ  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ÑŒ, Ñ à  ºÃƒ  ¸Ãƒ  ¹ Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ·Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ à  ½Ãƒ  ° à  ·Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒ  ¶Ãƒ  µÃƒ  ½Ãƒ  ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ цÑ-à  ½Ãƒ  ¸, à  ¼Ãƒâ€˜-à  ³ à  ±Ãƒ  ¸ à  ·Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ñ уà  ²Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ  ¸, ц°Ãƒ  ¾. Exercise 1. Read, translate into Ukrainian in written form and memorize the definitions of the following economic terms and concepts. Elastic supply: Supply for which a percentage change in a products price causes a larger percentage change in the quantity supplied. à †¢Ãƒ  »Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ñ‚Ã Â ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ° à  ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ¿Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ·Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ Ñ-Ñ : à  ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ¿Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ·Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ Ñ-Ñ à  ·Ãƒ  ° Ñ à  ºÃƒ  ¾Ãƒâ€˜- à  ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ à  µÃƒ  ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ° à  ·Ãƒ  ¼Ãƒâ€˜-à  ½Ãƒ  ° à  ² цÑ-à  ½Ãƒâ€˜- Ñ‚Ã Â ¾Ãƒ  ²Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™ à  ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒ  ·Ãƒ  ²Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ´Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’ à  ´Ãƒ  ¾ à  ±Ãƒâ€˜-à  »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’шà  ¾Ãƒâ€˜- à  ·Ãƒ  ¼Ãƒâ€˜-à  ½Ãƒ  ¸ à  ²Ãƒ  µÃƒ  »Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ¸ à  ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ¿Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ·Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ Ñ-Ñ-. Elasticity of supply: The degree to which supply of a commodity responds to a change in that commoditys price. à †¢Ãƒ  »Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ñ‚Ã Â ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ  ½Ãƒâ€˜-Ñ ть à  ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ¿Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ·Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ Ñ-Ñ-: à  ¿Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  »Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ¶Ãƒ  µÃƒ  ½Ãƒ  ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ à  ·Ãƒ  ° Ñ à  ºÃƒ  ¸Ãƒ  ¼ à  ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ¿Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ·Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ Ñ-Ñ тà  ¾Ãƒ  ²Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™ Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ  µÃƒ  °Ãƒ  ³Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ à  ½Ãƒ  ° à  ·Ãƒ  ¼Ãƒâ€˜-à  ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™ цÑ-à  ½Ãƒ  ¸ Ñ‚Ã Â ¾Ãƒ  ²Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™. Inelastic supply: Supply for which a percentage change in a products price causes a smaller percentage change in the quantity supplied. à  à  µÃƒ  µÃƒ  »Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ñ‚Ã Â ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ° à  ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ¿Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ·Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ Ñ-Ñ : à  ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ¿Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ·Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ Ñ-Ñ à  ·Ãƒ  ° Ñ à  ºÃƒ  ¾Ãƒâ€˜- à  ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ à  µÃƒ  ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ° à  ·Ãƒ  ¼Ãƒâ€˜-à  ½Ãƒ  ° цÑ-à  ½Ãƒ  ¸ Ñ‚Ã Â ¾Ãƒ  ²Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™ à  ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒ  ·Ãƒ  ²Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ´Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’ à  ´Ãƒ  ¾ à  ¼Ãƒ  µÃƒ  ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã‹â€ à  ¾Ãƒâ€˜- à  ·Ãƒ  ¼Ãƒâ€˜-à  ½Ãƒ  ¸ à  ²Ãƒ  µÃƒ  »Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ¸ à  ¿Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ¿Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™. Law of supply: the economic law that states as the price of a commodity that producers are willing and able to offer for sale during a particular period of time rises (falls), the quantity of the commodity supplied goes up (decreases), all non-price determinates being equal. à -à  °Ãƒ  ºÃƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ½ à  ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ¿Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ·Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ Ñ-Ñ-: à  µÃƒ  ºÃƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ¼Ãƒâ€˜-ц¡Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒ  ¹ à  ·Ãƒ  °Ãƒ  ºÃƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ½, Ñ à  ºÃƒ  ¸Ãƒ  ¹ Ñ тà  ²Ãƒ  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ´Ãƒ  ¶Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ , ц°Ãƒ  ¾ Ñ à  ºÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ  ¾ цÑ-à  ½Ãƒ  ° Ñ‚Ã Â ¾Ãƒ  ²Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™, Ñ à  ºÃƒâ€˜Ã†â€™ à  ²Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ±Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒ  ºÃƒ  ¸ à  ³Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ²Ãƒâ€˜- Ñ‚Ã Â ° à  ·Ãƒ  ´Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ  ½Ãƒâ€˜- à  ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ¿Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ  ²Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ  ¸ à  ´Ãƒ  »Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ à  ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ´Ãƒ  °Ãƒ  ¶Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™ à  ·Ãƒ  ° à  ²Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒ  ·Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ  µÃƒ  ½Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒ  ¹ à  ¿Ãƒ  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜-à  ¾Ãƒ  ´ ц¡Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ у, à  ·Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ñ‚Ã Â °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ (Ñ à  ¿Ãƒ  °Ãƒ  ´Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ), à  ºÃƒâ€˜-à  »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à  ºÃƒâ€˜-Ñ ть à  ·Ãƒ  °Ãƒ  ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ¿Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ²Ãƒ  °Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ³Ãƒ  ¾ Ñ‚Ã Â ¾Ãƒ  ²Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™ à  ·Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ñ‚Ã Â °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ (Ñ à  ºÃƒ  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ тьѠѠ), à  ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ñ- à  ½Ãƒ  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ Ñ-à  ½Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ²Ãƒâ€˜- à  ²Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒ  ·Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒ  ºÃƒ  ¸ à  ·Ãƒ  °Ãƒ  »Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã‹â€ à  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã… ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’ÑÂ Ñ Â Ã Â ½Ãƒ  µÃƒ  ·Ãƒ  ¼Ãƒâ€˜-à  ½Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒ  ¼Ãƒ  ¸. Quantity supplied: the amount of a product that producers are willing and able to sell at a certain price during a time period, all other factors that may determine supply remaining the same. à ’à  µÃƒ  »Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ° à  ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ¿Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ·Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ Ñ-Ñ-: à  ºÃƒâ€˜-à  »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à  ºÃƒâ€˜-Ñ ть Ñ‚Ã Â ¾Ãƒ  ²Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜-à  ², Ñ à  ºÃƒâ€˜- à  ²Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ±Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒ  ºÃƒ  ¸ à  ³Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ²Ãƒâ€˜- Ñ‚Ã Â ° à  ·Ãƒ  ´Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ  ½Ãƒâ€˜- à  ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ´Ãƒ  °Ãƒ  ²Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ  ¸ à  ·Ãƒ  ° à  ²Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒ  ·Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ  µÃƒ  ½Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒâ€˜- цÑ-à  ½Ãƒ  ¸ à  ²Ãƒ  ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ´Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ²Ãƒ  ¶ à  ¿Ãƒ  µÃƒ  ²Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ³Ãƒ  ¾ à  ¿Ãƒ  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜-à  ¾Ãƒ  ´Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™ ц¡Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ у, à  ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ñ- Ñ -à  ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã‹â€ Ñ- Ñ„Ã Â °Ãƒ  ºÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¸, Ñ à  ºÃƒâ€˜- à  ¼Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ¶Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’ à  ²Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒ  ·Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ  ¸ à  ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ¿Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ·Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ Ñ-ÑÅ ½ à  ·Ãƒ  °Ãƒ  »Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã‹â€ à  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã… ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’Ñ Ñ à  ½Ãƒ  µÃƒ  ·Ãƒ  ¼Ãƒâ€˜-à  ½Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒ  ¼Ãƒ  ¸. Supply: the total amount of a commodity available for purchase by consumers. à Å ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ¿Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ·Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ Ñ-Ñ : Ñ уà  ºÃƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ  ¿Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ° à  ºÃƒâ€˜-à  »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à  ºÃƒâ€˜-Ñ ть Ñ‚Ã Â ¾Ãƒ  ²Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜-à  ² à  ´Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ туà  ¿Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ à  ´Ãƒ  »Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ à  ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒ  ´Ãƒ  ±Ãƒ  °Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ñ à  ¿Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ¶Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒ  ²Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ  °Ãƒ  ¼Ãƒ  ¸. Supply curve: the graphical representation of how supply varies as prices change. à Å ¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒ  ²Ãƒ  ° à  ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ¿Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ·Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ Ñ-Ñ-: à  ³Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ€˜-ц¡Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  µ à  ²Ãƒâ€˜-à  ´Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ±Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  °Ãƒ  ¶Ãƒ  µÃƒ  ½Ãƒ  ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ñ‚Ã Â ¾Ãƒ  ³Ãƒ  ¾, Ñ à  º à  ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ¿Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ·Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ Ñ-Ñ à  ·Ãƒ  ¼Ãƒâ€˜-à  ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã… ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ Ñ‚ÑŒÑ Ñ Ñ à  ºÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ  ¾ à  ·Ãƒ  ¼Ãƒâ€˜-à  ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã… ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã… ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’ѠѠцÑ-à  ½Ãƒ  ¸. Supply schedule: a table showing the quantities of a product that would be offered for sale at various prices at a given time. à  ¨Ãƒ  ºÃƒ  °Ãƒ  »Ãƒ  ° à  ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ¿Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ·Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ Ñ-Ñ-: Ñ‚Ã Â °Ãƒ  ±Ãƒ  »Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ Ñ , ц°Ãƒ  ¾ à  ¿Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ºÃƒ  °Ãƒ  ·Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ à  ºÃƒâ€˜-à  »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à  ºÃƒâ€˜-Ñ ть Ñ‚Ã Â ¾Ãƒ  ²Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™, Ñ à  ºÃƒ  ¸Ãƒ  ¹ à  ±Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ  ´Ãƒ  µ à  ·Ãƒ  °Ãƒ  ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ¿Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ²Ãƒ  °Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒ  ¹ à  ½Ãƒ  ° à  ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ´Ãƒ  °Ãƒ  ¶ à  ·Ãƒ  ° Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒâ€˜-à  ·Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒâ€˜- цÑ-à  ½Ãƒ  ¸ à  ²Ãƒ  ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ´Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ²Ãƒ  ¶ à  ¿Ãƒ  µÃƒ  ²Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  ³Ãƒ  ¾ ц¡Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ у.
Tuesday, August 20, 2019
A Theory of Justice Presented by John Rawls Essay -- inequalities, f
In A Theory of Justice John Rawls presents his argument for justice and inequality. Rawls theorizes that in the original position, a hypothetical state where people reason without bias, they would agree to live in a society based on two principles of justice (Rawls 1971, 4). These two principles of justice are named the first and second principles. The first is the equal rights and liberties principle. The second is a combination of the difference principle and the fair equality of opportunity principle, or FEOP (Rawls 1971, 53). Rawls argues that inequality will always be inevitable in any society (Rawls 1971, 7). For example, there will always be a varied distribution of social and economic advantages. Some people will be wealthier than others and some will hold places of greater importance in society. Rawls’s argument is that to ensure the stability of society the two principles of justice are needed to govern the assignment of rights and regulate the inequality (Rawls 1971 , 53). Any infringement of an individuals rights or inequality outside the parameters of the principles of justice are unjust. In order to understand Rawls, one has to understand the theoretical concept of the original position. It lays the groundwork for Rawls’s argument by providing a foundation for society. Calling it a state where people reason without bias is a very general definition that does not at all fully explain all of the different aspects of the original position. The original position, according to Rawls, has to do with a social contract (Rawls 1971, 11). People agree to rules in society that are pursuant to their own general well being. However, they decide on these rules behind what Rawls calls a veil of ignorance. Behind this veil of ignor... ... his principles of justice to evaluate such an inequality. If rights were not being infringed then he would immediately move on to the second principle criteria. In this scenario, if the workers were getting the greatest benefit then the inequality presented would be justified. For example, if the corporation were putting the increased profits into safer equipment for its workers, or providing insurance, compensation, etc. then it could be said that the inequality is justified. However, if the corporation were keeping it’s profits then the workers are least advantaged, but not getting the greatest benefit, so the inequality would be unjust in Rawls eyes. Allowing the inequality to continue would lead to instability in society and it would violate Rawls’s principles. â€Æ' Works Cited Rawls, John. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Belknap of Harvard UP, 1971. Print.
Monday, August 19, 2019
Emersons Theories of Education vs Modern-day Theories Essay -- Compar
Emerson and today’s theories of education view discipline as necessary for the progress of students in the classroom; however, Emerson’s beliefs differ from modern-day theories of discipline in "respecting a child" encompassing "patience", "the receiving mind" and "discovers for himself his goal in life." Emerson realized that progressive learning is not a dictator relationship. "Respecting a child" will enhance the student’s ability to achieve their goals. As today’s society lives in the fast lane so does our educational society. "So to regard a young child, the young man, requires, no doubt, rare patience: a patience that nothing but faith in the remedial forces of the soul can give" (Gilman 444). Patience is this unattainable trait that people seek, but never find. Our society is a whirling downfall of enormous debt because of the lack of patience that so many people have adopted as a way of life. Stores are full of consumers that "must have" at that very moment. Unfortunately, the same philosophy of thought is embedded in today’s education. Evaluating today’s theories of education, patience is a luxury that can not be spared. The new "No child left behind" legislation theorizes the idea that standardized testing will improve the instruction level of students. In actualization, the government is teaching the students and the teachers are their puppets. The government likes to call this education reform, however in many eyes it is education death. "The 100 percent goal was simply a target, an admittedly unreachable goal designed to motivate schools to stretch themselves to do better, such as scientists trying to cure cancer or gardeners hoping to grow the perfect tomato" (Matthews 1). Beginning with the first day of school... ... How does society "respect a child" when education is consumed with close-mindedness, repetition, dictatorship and sinful nature. References: Bracey, Gerald W. Are US Students Behind? Web 20 Nov 2014. Http: www.prospect.org/print/V9/37/bracey-g.html Dorja, Rig’dzin. Dangerous Friend: The teacher –student relationship in Vajnayana Buddhism. Web 20 Nov 2014. http://www. Samadhicushions.com/Samadhi.cgi/S-1998 Gilman, William H. Selected Writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson. A Signet Classic. New York, New York 10014 Matthews, Jay. No Child Left Behind Act: Facts and Fiction. Web 20 Nov 2014. http://www.washingtonpost.com /ac2/wp-dyn/A23818- 2003Nov10?language=printer. Swanson, Robert. Web 20 Nov 2014. http://www.sudval.org/users/archives/dsm4 Years of Schooling Smother Creativity. Web 20 Nov 2014. jordan.dpsnc.net/fcmqr1998/schooling.html
Sunday, August 18, 2019
Darwin Vs. Pearson :: Natural Selection Essays
The writing of Charles Darwin focuses on the concept of natural selection and its implications on the human race. Darwin understands that allowing weaker people to pass on their genetic shortcomings will ultimately prove to be detrimental. People should have the same reproductive rights and opportunities as all other people. The writing of Karl Pearson also focuses on natural selection and its implications upon the human race. Pearson, however, believes that the weaker people of society should be forced to die off so as not to pass on their genetic malfeasance. Darwin and Pearson agree on the process of natural selection but disagree on how society should utilize the knowledge gained from understanding natural selection. Darwin & Pearson both believe that left unchecked the human race would evolve positively by not allowing unfit people to reproduce. Darwin says, â€Å"With savages, the weak in body or mind are soon eliminated; and those that survive commonly exhibit a vigorous state of health.†Darwin believes that people, without the constraints of society, would allow the weaker elements of their offspring to die off without reproducing. Since people operate in a civilized society, they must tolerate the people who are weaker than they are, even if it is a detriment to society at large, â€Å"We must therefore bear the undoubtedly bad effects of the weak surviving and propagating their kind.†Karl Pearson believes that the knowledge gained from understanding natural selection should be utilized to stop the human race from declining, â€Å"I want you to see selection as something which renders the inexorable law of heredity a source of progress, which produces the good through suffering, an infinitely greater good which far outbalances the very obvious pain and evil.†Pearson believes that even though it will be hard to do, society must stop allowing inferior people to reproduce.
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